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\def\fl#1{\null\par \leftline{\bf #1?}}
\def\teX{\null\kern1.5pt\TeX}
\def\The{\null\kern1.5pt The}
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\ooalign {\hfil\kern.03em \raise .09ex\hbox {R}\hfil \crcr 
\lower .25ex\hbox{\mathhexbox 20D}}}}}
%\footline={\ifnum \folio=1 {\trademark\ \TeX\ is a registered trademark of The 
%American Mathematical Society.\hfill} \else {\hfill\folio\hfill}\fi}

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\noindent
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\hbox to 10.95\varunit{\hfill \bfl Introducing \TeX\kern .1em\trademark \hfill}
\hbox to 15.50\varunit{\null\hfill\null}
\teX\ is a computerized typesetting system that is regularly used for
technical papers,
business forms, letters, theses, concert programs,
catalogues, and books of all sorts and in particular those that are
technical and highly mathematical. \teX\ was created by Professor Donald
E. Knuth and his associates and students at Stanford University.  The
current version, with many new features, has been completely rewritten by
Professor Knuth, after several years of operating experience with the
earlier versions on many different~computer~systems.
\hbox to 30.4\varunit{\null\hfill\null}
\The\ \TeX\ system has been standardized
to produce identical results on different computer systems and it will run
on any reasonably large system.  The \TeX\ output files are also device
independent. The output may be printed on
a graphics printer of modest capabilities for proofing and, when the results
are satisfactory, the same output may
be used with a higher quality printer or phototypesetting system to
produce the final document.}
\vbox{\hfill\box0\hfill}

%\footnote{}{\null\kern-9pt \trademark \TeX\ is a trademark of the American
\footnote{}{\lower.2ex\hbox{\trademark} \TeX\ is a trademark of the American
Mathematical Society.}
\hyphenpenalty=50
\bigskip
\fl{How does \TeX\ differ from other document compilers}
\TeX\ provides for automatic ligature replacements, kerning, hyphenation,
line justification, centering, flushing right or left, tabular aligning,
the formatting of complicated mathematical expressions, automatic section and page
numbering, page breaking, the introduction of running heads, the numbering
and placing of footnotes, and the automatic preparation of a table of contents and an
index, to name but a few of its special features.
As many as 256 different fonts with up to 256 characters per font may be
used for a single document.
\TeX's real forte is mathematics:
$$
\sum_{i=1}↑{\infty}{1\over2↑i}=1,\quad
\{\underbrace{\overbrace{\mathstrut a,\ldots,a}
      ↑{k\;a\mathchar`'\rm s},
    \overbrace{\mathstrut b,\ldots,b}
      ↑{l\;b\mathchar`'\rm s}}_{k+l\rm\;elements}\},\quad
\sqrt{1+\sqrt{1+\sqrt{1+x}}},\quad
A=\pmatrix{
a_{11}&\ldots&a_{1n}\cr
\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\cr
a_{m1}&\ldots&a_{mn}\cr},
$$
$$
\biggl(\int_{-\infty}↑\infty e↑{-x↑2}\,dx\biggr)↑2=\pi,\quad
 2\uparrow\uparrow k\mathrel{\mathop=↑{\rm def}}
  2↑{2↑{2↑{\cdot↑{\cdot↑{\cdot↑2}}}}}
    \vbox{\hbox{$\Big\}\scriptstyle k$}\kern0pt},\quad
{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)\over\Delta x}\to f'(x)\;\;\hbox{as $\;\Delta x\to0$}.
$$
\TeX\ differs from other document compilers in that it performs 
all of the above functions, while meeting the highest typographic standards, and
at the same time it provides
an extremely great amount of flexibility to allow formatting of a
wide range of document types and styles, subject only to the detailed
requirements of the user.
Flexibility is achieved by the use of a comprehensive set
of low-level typographic primitives and by mechanisms that allow these
primitives to be used for the creation of higher-level constructs,
called `{\sl macros\/}', that the user may write, or
that come supplied as `{\sl macro packages\/}'.

A basic {\sl macro package}, {\sll PLAIN.TEX}, is supplied by Stanford and
suffices for most elementary formatting needs (such, for example, as
preparing this information sheet).  Several very useful {\sl macro
packages\/} are currently available and others are in preparation.  One of
these, called \AmSTeX, written by Michael Spivak to meet the publishing
needs of the American Mathematical Society, is particularly well suited
for mathematical texts, while another, called \La\TeX, written by Leslie
Lamport, is intended for general documention.

\fl{What are \TeX's limitations}
\TeX\ is not a text editor,
and indeed, a conventional text or system editor is needed to produce the
file of information that is used as the input to the \TeX\ compiler.
Nor is \TeX\  an interactive, `what you see is what you get', type of
editor.
While efforts to produce \TeX-compatible interactive systems will be made,
the present emphasis has been on maintaining the highest quality of
output, a goal which has thus far proved compatible only with
batch-oriented systems.
Programs can, of course, be written to display the compiled \TeX\ output
on graphics terminals with high enough resolution (or with the text enlarged to
compensate).
Several such display programs are now
in everyday use.

\fl{Will \TeX\ run on my computer system} 
The answer is yes, if you have a conventional computer system with at least a 32-bit
arithmetic capability and a 20-bit process address space. To produce
printed output you will need some form of matrix printer and perhaps a
specialized
driver program to translate the \TeX\ output into a form acceptable to
your printer.
Some of the currently more commonly used computers are,
DEC Vax/VMS, Tops-20, Berkeley
Vax Unix, IBM VM/CMS, IBM MVS, HP 9836, HP 1000, HP 3000, Data General
MV8000, Honeywell CP-6, Apollo and Prime computers.  Other installations of \TeX\
are underway, including some on smaller personal machines.

If you have an uncommonly used
system, you will need to have a good \hbox{\sll PASCAL\/} compiler that uses 32-bit (or
larger) integers and that supports large arrays (at least 256K), and you
may have to install the WEB precompilers (explained below) on your computer.

The following is a partial list of the output devices that are being used
at various \TeX\ installations, showing the range in values for the
dots/inch resolution currently employed:
$$\vbox{\halign{#\hfil&\quad \hfil #&\qquad\quad #\hfil&\quad \hfil #&
\qquad\quad #\hfil&\quad \hfil #\cr
Printer&dpi&Printer&dpi&Printer&dpi\cr
\noalign{\smallskip}
Printronix&72&
Imagen&240&
Linotron 202&975\cr
Epson&120&
Symbolics&240&
Compugraphic 8600&1300\cr
Florida Data&128&
QMS 1200&300&
Autologic APS&1440\cr
HP 2680A&180&
Xerox 9700&300&
VideoComp&1800\cr
Versatec&200&
Xerox Dover&384&
Alphatype CRS&5333\cr
Varian&200&
IBM Electro-Erosion&600\cr
}}$$

Outputs on printers with less than 240 dots/inch resolution are generally
unsatisfactory without some magnification.
It is possible to run \TeX\ on a system that does not have a graphics printer and
then send the output to another location for printing.  Alternatively, one
can have a minimum-capacity graphics printer for proofing and then an
additional high-quality graphics printer for producing the final output.

\goodbreak
\fl{What about fonts} 

The Computer Modern family of fonts (generated at Stanford with the \META\
program) are part of the standard \TeX\ system.  They are provided as bit
arrays in a wide variety of styles, sizes and dot resolutions.  They come
with complete information about ligature replacements, kerning, italic
corrections, height, depth, and width, and even more information for the
math symbols.  The same information must be obtained for any other fonts
that are to be used with \TeX\ (such as those provided by typesetter or
printer manufacturers).  Some typesetter and printer manufacturers already
have Computer Modern optionally available on their machines.
On the other hand, it has
proven difficult to put Computer Modern on certain printers, largely due
to the unwillingness of the manufacturer to supply the necessary interface
specifications.

The \META\ program is currently being rewritten in WEB and will
contain many improvements. The existing version is written in the {\sll
SAIL\/} language and is not easily transported. The revised \META\ will
enable \TeX\ users to design their own fonts for special purposes and for
different languages.
  Improved versions of
Computer Modern will also be written in the new \META. Some of the available
fonts are:

{\bf boldface}
{\it text italic\/}
{\teni math$\;$italic\/}
{$\cal CALLIGRAPHIC$}
{\tt typewriter}
{\sl slanted roman\/}
{\amss sans serif}
{\amssi sans serif slanted\/}
{\amu unslanted$\;$text$\;$italic\/}
{\Dunh Dunhill}
{$\alpha \beta \gamma \delta$}
{\amsltt slanted typewriter\/}
{\amssbx sans serif bold}

\fl{How do I get \TeX\ and what does it cost}

While \TeX\ has been protected by copyright
to prevent the basic program from
being tampered with by others, 
the source code has been put in the public
domain and it is available on magnetic tape for a nominal fee.
Arrangements have been made with Maria Code of DP Services at 1371 Sydney
Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94087, to supply hard copy documentation and tapes in
various formats to interested parties.  These tapes include all source
code, the {\sl change files\/} that tailor the programs to various
{\sll PASCAL\/} compilers, and printer-interface programs provided by
manufacturers or other \TeX\ users.
Object code is also provided for the more
popular computers.

  Users of less popular systems may still be able to get a
ready-to-go \TeX\ from another site with a similar configuration.
An organization of \TeX\ users, the \TeX\ Users Group (TUG), through their 
newsletter ``TUGboat'' provides a mechanism for \TeX\ users to exchange information
regarding installation problems and the general problems of using \TeX\ effectively.
  For up
to date information and reports of new \TeX\ installations, consult the
latest issue of {\sl TUGboat}.
and the hard copy documentation as listed on the attached order form.

\fl{How can I get more information}

The best source of general information is in ``TUGboat'', the \TeX\ Users
Group newsletter. To become a member of TUG, send \$20 (\$25 if outside of
North America) to TUG, c/o~the American Mathematical Society, P.O. Box
1571, Annex Station, Providence, RI 02901.

``The \TeX book'', written by Professor
Knuth and published by Addison-Wesley, is a must for both the novice and
the expert (493pp, incl index, ISBN 0-201-13448-9).
A modest introduction to the mysteries of \TeX\ is contained in the 34-page
booklet ``First Grade \TeX, A Beginner's \TeX\ Manual'', written by 
Arthur L. Samuel.

\def\sign{\null\phantom{a}\lower.25truein
\hbox{{$\scriptstyle\sevensy ALS$} \sevenrm 2-7-84}}
\footline={\ifnum \pageno=4 \lastpage \else \normpage\fi}
\def\lastpage{\phantom{\sign}\hfil \folio \hfil \sign}
\def\normpage{\hfil \folio \hfil}

\fl{What's all this about WEB}
WEB is a new language, created specifically for \TeX, that provides  
 a superstructure to the {\sll PASCAL\/} language. This allows
for the intertwining of the code with the detailed explanation of its
function so that no supplementary internal documentation need be provided. 
 The WEB
language also provides a macro facility that is not normally available in
{\sll PASCAL}.  This allows the code to be written in small, logically simple but
interrelated modules, that are both easier to write and easier to
understand and that can be written in any desired order as dictated by the
logical development of the essential ideas involved.
This language sets a new standard for structured documentation.

Two precompilers are provided. One precompiler, called {\sll TANGLE}, expands all
of the WEB macros, extracts and rearranges the code segments and
produces a \hbox{\sll PASCAL\/} source file that is in the necessary form to
permit its direct compilation by the usual \hbox{\sll PASCAL\/} compiler.  The second
precompiler, called {\sll WEAVE}, introduces the necessary control information,
numbers the modules, prepares an extensive cross-reference index, and takes care
of all the essential details so that \TeX\ can then be used to produce a
``pretty printed'' indexed version of the original source information with due
attention being given to page layout and the use of indentation, italics,
bold face, etc.

\fl{Who gets the credit for \TeX\ and WEB}
While\ \TeX\ and WEB are
largely the creation of Professor Knuth,
many of his
present and former graduate students have contributed ideas, programming
and debugging work during the period dating from the summer of 1977 when Michael
F. Plass and Frank M. Liang designed and coded a \TeX\ prototype based on some
specifications that Professor Knuth had made in April of that year.  The
first complete version of \TeX\ was coded by Professor Knuth in late 1977 and
early 1978. The
beginnings of the WEB system were suggested by Professor Knuth and Luis
Trabb Pardo in 1979 and \TeX\ was completely rewritten
in this pre-WEB language by Ignacio A. Zabala in 1979 and 1980.
David R. Fuchs has made major contributions to all part of the system.
This work has been supported by Stanford University, the System
Development Foundation, the National Science Foundation, the Office of
Naval Research, and IBM.

\bye